Cilmi-baadhaha, Dhammaan-Ruushka Cilmi-baarista Feytopathology Research
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
In kasta oo horumarka la taaban karo laga sameeyay baadhista nabarrada soo daahay ee baradhada iyo dhaqangelinta fursadaha xakamaynta, iyadoo lagu salaynayo aqoonta laga helay cudur-sidaha geedka, haddana cudurku wuxuu weli keenaa khasaare weyn oo soosaarka baradhada sababtoo ah hoos u dhaca wax-soo-saarka iyo wax-soo-saarka wax-soo-saarka dalagga oo badan.
Waxaa keena oomycete Infakshanka Phytophthora, taasoo keenta caleen, jirid, tuber nabarad goor dambe ah.
Haddii tuber leh inoculum hooseeya uu galo dukaanka baradhada, cudurku wuxuu u badan yahay inuu keeno khasaare weyn. Wakiilka sababa caabuqa soo daaha wuxuu ku noolaan karaa heerkul 3 °C. Waxyeellada cudur-sidaha dhirta ee maqaarka tuberku wuxuu u oggolaanayaa bakteeriyada fursadda ah inay soo gasho oo ay keento qudhun jilicsan, iyada oo loo marayo maqaarka baradhada.
Calaamadaha caabuqa foliar dambehttps://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHYTIN/photos iyo https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.40970) waa baro caleen aan caadi ahayn oo si degdeg ah ugu fidaya nabarro waaweyn marxaladda hore ee horumarka cudurka. Meelaha necrotic ee caleenta ee cidhifyada dusha sare ee caleenta waxaa ku hareeraysan huruud huruud ah oo chlorotic ah. Inta lagu jiro cimilada qoyan, caaryada cad ee xadhkaha leh ayaa ka soo baxa cidhifyada dusha hoose ee caleemaha. Calaamadaha cudurka tuberka goor dambe ayaa ah meelo midabkoodu ka bilaabmo bunni ilaa baraf maqaarka tuberka ah. Qulqulaya mad ilaa guduud-brown ayaa laga helaa maqaarka tuberka hoostiisa. Qulqulkaani wuxuu ugu dambeyntii gaaraa bartamaha tuberka. Habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo kala firdhiyo cudur-sidaha geedka waa gudbinta hawada-qaadista zoosporangia ee ka timaada dalagyada baradhada ee deriska ah ee cudurka qaba, dhirta baradhada tabaruca ah iyo dhirta, oo la beeray ka hor beeraha baradhada ee deriska ah, oo ku yaal meel bannaan. Dhirta, oo lagu beeray tuulmo ka baxay, iyo sidoo kale dhirta baradhada iskaa wax u qabso ah waxay u badan tahay inay noqdaan kaydka cudurada fayraska ee aphid-ka iyo cudurrada kale ee dalagga (cudurka rhizoctonia, dhibic madow, oo ay keento Koronto-wadaagqolof budo ah, oo ay keento Xanuunka 'Spongospora subterranea') iyo cayayaanka dalagga (nematodes-ka nool ee bilaashka ah, nematodes cyst baradho, aphids). Intaa waxaa dheer, oospores waxay u badan tahay in lagu soo saaro kaydadkan inoculum. Tani waxay ka dhigi kartaa caabuqa dambe mid aad u adag in la xakameeyo sababtoo ah khatarta sii kordheysa ee horumarinta dadka oomycete u adkaysta alaabooyinka ilaalinta dalagga ee xaaladda tirada sii kordheysa ee daaweynta iyo heerarka codsiyada fungicides (oomycides).
Gobollada koonfureed waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay waqti ku buufiyaan raasamaal ka baxsan daawaynta diquate iyo glyphosate si loo dilo koritaanka kasta ka hor inta aan la soo saarin dalagga ka soo baxa qashinka ka baxsan (haddii ay dhacdo dib-u-kordhinta dhirta ee raso ka baxsan waa loo baahan yahay). si aad mar kale u buufiso tusinnadan ka baxsan). Nooca dhaqanka wax ku oolka ah ee lagu xakameynayo qulqulka da'da yar ee tuulannada ka baxsan waa dabool dabool leh oo leh polithene madow oo cabbirkiisu culus yahay. Goosha cidhifka ah ee raasamaal ka baxay waxay u baahan tahay in la xidho si looga hortago kala firdhisanaanta zoosporangia ee cudur-sidaha geedka iyo xayawaanka jeexjeexa gogosha. Codsiga glyphosate looma baahna marka raso ka baxsan lagu daboolo polythene madow goor hore.
Runtii aad bay muhiim u tahay in la helo tusin aad uga fog dalagyada baradhada iyo meelaha biyo mareennada ah.
Habka ugu badan ee taranka ee P. infestans waa taranka jinsiga ah marka zoosporangia ay ka soo baxdo hyphae ama ay sii daayaan zoospores leh flagella kuwaas oo ku kala firdhiya filimada biyaha ka hor inta aan la faafin oo aan faafin geedka. Oosporesku waxay ku sii jiri karaan ciidda muddo dheer. Marka, tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la raacayo macluumaadka cilmi-baarayaasha Nederlaan (Cilmi Baadhis joornaalka, 2000), oospores-ku waxay sii faafiyaan baradhada ku jira carrada bacaadka ah 48 bilood, ciidda dhoobada fudud 34 bilood marka daadadku dhacaan. Waxaa la ogaaday in tirada ugu badan ee oospores lagu horumariyo noocyada leh heerka hoose ee caabbinta jinsiyad-aan-gaar ahayn.
Marka loo eego xogta laga soo qaatay kaydka xogta ee Yurub Ciidda ugu fiican (2020), waxaa lagu taliyay in la sameeyo wareeg dalagga shan sano ah si loo dhimo heerka inoculum-ka carrada Infakshanka Phytophthora Oospores (oospores), nematodes baradho, rhizoctonia iyo cayayaanka kale.
Dhawr sano ka hor, istaraatiijiyadda maaraynta cudurrada baradhada waxay ku salaysan tahay isticmaalka tiro aad u badan oo codsiyada ilaalinta dalagga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xaaladda degdegga ah ee genotypes adkaysi u cusub oo ah Infakshanka Phytophthora (Wadamada Yurub qaarkood, EU_43_A1 genotype oo u adkaysta mandipropamide qiyaas ahaan ilaa 100 ppm); maaraynta cudurada isku dhafan ee baradhada ayaa aad u baahsan.
HABKA UGU WEYN EE MAAMULKA NOLOLKA DAMBE EE BADHADA
• Beerista noocyo baradho ah oo leh heer aad u sarreeya oo iska caabin caleen ah.
• Burburinta ilaha tallaalka ee bilowga ah (dhirta baradhada iskaa wax u qabso ah, tusinnada sii kordheysa, digriiga abuurka cudurka iyo dhirta baradhada buka).
• Hirgelinta Nidaamyada Taageerada Go'aannada si loo gaaro go'aanno xog ogaal ah oo ku saabsan tirada ugu wanaagsan ee daaweynta alaabta ilaalinta dalagga iyo xakameynta caabuqa goor dambe iyada oo loo marayo isticmaalka fungicides (oomycides), iyada oo la tixgelinayo khatarta horumarinta cudurrada goor dambe, caabbinta cultivar iyo xaaladaha cimilada ee qaab dhismeedka istaraatijiyad ka-hortagga u adkaysiga. Barnaamijka kumbuyuutarka ee luqadda Ruushka (software) VNIIFBlight waxaa soo saaray khabiiro ka socda Machadka Cilmi-baarista Phytopathology ee All-Ruushka. Machadka Cilmi-baarista Phytopathology ee Ruushka oo dhan waxaa la siiyay rukhsadda RU 2019663121 (2019) Muuji saadaalinta - cudur daahay software si loo sameeyo saadaasha onlaynka ah ee horumarinta cudurada daaha ee dhulka Federaalka Ruushka. Nidaamka Taageerada Go'aanka (DSS) AgroDozor waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu caawiyo bixinta go'aan xog ogaal ah oo ku saabsan codsiga alaabta ilaalinta dalagga si loo xakameeyo cudurka goor dambe ee Russia. Qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada DSS ee wadamada kale ayaa loo sameeyay si loo saadaaliyo halista horumarinta cudurrada faafa. Tusaale ahaan, goobta internetka Hutton BlightSpy Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay gacan ka geysataa saadaalinta halista korriinka cudurrada faafa. Ilahan waxa martigeliyay James Hutton Limited, xogta cimilada ee Machadka Saadaasha Hawada Norway oo shati ku haysta Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 shatiga caalamiga ah.
Khayraadka/madaxyada waxa lagu sameeyay gobolada qaar qaab dhismeedka mashaariicda R&D (tusaale ahaan, Yurub – EuroBlight , ee Shiinaha - ChinaBlight). Xogta noocan ah waxay taageertaa beeralayda baradhada si ay u gaaraan go'aano xog ogaal ah, iyadoo la tixgelinayo qaab dhismeedka dadweynaha gobolka iyo heerka iska caabinta fungicides (oomycides).
Miisaska Fungicide ee EuroBlight (https://agro.au.dk/forskning/internationale-platforme/euroblight/) waxaa lagu hayaa masraxa isbahaysiga Yurub oo loogu talagalay khabiiro iyo hay'ado ku takhasusay cudurrada daahsoon si loo xakameeyo nabarrada dambe ee qaybaha kale ee dhirta baradhada iyo la dagaallanka cudurka hore.
• Burburinta digriiga cudurka qaba ee bakhaarka ku jira si loo yareeyo khasaaraha tuber-ka iyo inoculum-ka abuurka ka dhasha sanadka soo socda.