Isweydaarsi waddan-gudub ah oo ku saabsan waxa laga filayo cudurrada baradhada xilligan sii kordhaya.
Dhibaatada soo daahay waxay leedahay oo ay u badan tahay inay had iyo jeer noqon doonto wax soo saarayaasha baradhada ee reer Kanada ay u baahan yihiin inay ka feejignaadaan. Beddelida qaababka cimilada, nidaamyada digniinta ugu horayso ee wax-ku-oolka ah iyo alaabada xakamaynta ayaa yareeyay halista sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Laakiin sida qof kasta oo beeraha ka mid ahi ogyahay, looma baahna cudurro kale oo baradho ah oo higaadin kara dhibaato inta lagu jiro xilliga sii kordhaya. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah inaad iska ilaaliso sanadkan.
Dhaawac soo daahay
Cayayaanka Phytophthora, jeermiska cudurka soo daaha ee mas'uulka ka ah burburka Abaartii baradho Irish ee 1840-yadii, wuxuu ahaa aafada beeraleyda baradhada aduunka oo idil tan iyo markaas. Marka lagu daro qasaaraha dalagga ee aadka uxun ee ay sababtay, duqeynta goor dambe ayaa sidoo kale noqotay cudurka baradhada ee ugu qaalisan ee la maareeyo, iyadoo qarashka adduunka uguyaraan ugu yaraan $ 6 bilyan sida lagu qiyaasayo qaar
Maaha wax layaab leh, markaa, in duqeynta dambe ay sii socoto iyada oo ah cudurka ugu horreeya ee cudurka ay ka qabaan inta badan soosaarayaasha baradhada ganacsiga ee Kanada. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxtar hababka digniinta engegga xilli dambe iyo isbedelka xaaladaha cimilada ayaa ka qayb qaatay hoos u dhac aad u weyn oo ku yimid cudurka.
"Waxaa jiray hal ama laba natiijo wax ku ool ah oo soo daahay labadii ama seddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay, laakiin ma aanan helin faafitaanno baahsan," ayuu yiri Dennis Van Dyk, khabiirka dalagga khudradda ee Wasaaradda Beeraha, Cuntada iyo Reer Miyiga ee Ontario.
“Waxaan halkaan ku haynaa barnaamij kormeer oo aad u wanaagsan oo leh shebekad dabin oo loo yaqaan 'spore trapping network' taasoo u ahayd calaamadda digniinta ugu horayso beeralaydayada una oggolaanaysa inay si firfircoon uga shaqeeyaan buufinta.
Dhaawaca soo daahay had iyo jeer waa maskaxda, laakiin waqtigan, haddii ay tahay cimilada darteed ama shabakadda dabinnada ku xirma awgeed, waxaan u maleynayaa inaan si fiican u xakameyno.
Vikram Bisht, oo ah khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhirta ee Manitoba Beeraha iyo Horumarinta Kheyraadka, wuxuu xusayaa in beeraha baradhada ganacsiga ee Manitoba ay daaheen xasilooni la'aan tan iyo 2018, taas oo ay ugu mahadnaqeen guusha weyn ee shabakada dabin-goosadka ee dhirtu dhacday oo u digeysa beeraleyda Manitoba P. infestans isbooriss ayaa lagu arkay gobolka.
"Ma jiraan wax warbixinno ah oo ku saabsan duqeymo goor dambe dhacay sannadka 2020, in kasta oo aan dabinno nabarro xilli-dambe ah," ayuu yiri Bisht. "Waan awoodnay inaan u digno beeralayda waxayna ku sii kordhiyeen jadwalka jadwalka buufinta, taas oo ahayd mid waxtar badan leh."
Dymtro Yevtushenko, oo ah gudoomiyaha cilmi baarista cilmiga baradhada ee jaamacada Lethbridge, ayaa ku waramaya in ay jireen dhacdooyin yar oo P. infestans kudka oo ay ogaato Shabakada la socodka Cayayaanka Cayayaanka ee Alberta sanadkii la soo dhaafay, laakiin kuma filna in kor loo qaado dhawaaqyada digniinta.
"Kama aynaan dhaafin xadka gaar ahaaneed ee naga walaacsan," ayuu yidhi. Labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay hada, ma jirin wax goor dambe ah oo ku soo booday cudurka, waana wax weyn. ”
Sababtoo ah cimilada badda ee khafiifka ah ee qoyan ee ku taal Atlantic Canada, Jasiiradda Prince Edward iyo New Brunswick waxay taariikh ahaan leeyihiin arrimo badan oo ku saabsan cudurka soo daahay marka loo eego inta badan gobollada kale ee baradhada ka baxa. Laakiin xaaladuhu way is beddeleen sannadihii la soo dhaafay, iyadoo kuleylka leh, cimilada xagaaga ee qalalan taas oo yareyneysa khatarta ay leedahay P. infestans cudurada keena.
Jawiga cimilada ee aan ku jirnay afartii ama shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay awgeed, duufaan soo daahay ayaa hoos ugu dhacday liiska cudurrada walaaca leh, ayay tiri Lorraine MacKinnon, iskuduwaha warshadaha baradhada oo ka tirsan waaxda beeraha iyo dhulka ee PEI. .
“Waxaan tagnay dhowr xilli oo hadda aanan ogaanay nabarradii xilli dambe ee Jasiiradda. Ma jirin wax fadhi ah oo la fadhiisto, ayay raacisay. "Waxa kale oo jira noocyo isbeddelaya oo xilli dambe ah oo laga yaabo inay xoogaa ka yar ka caroodeen caleenta, waxaanan leenahay wax soo saar badan oo wax ku ool ah."
MacKinnon, oo ay weheliyaan khubarada kale, waxay uga digayaan kuwa beeraleyda ah inay iska ilaaliyaan hoos u dhaca duqeynta, taas oo awood u leh inay ku baabi'iso gebi ahaanba baradhada maalmo gudahood waxayna sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelataa tayada iyo jiritaanka digriiga.
“Marwalba waxaa jirta khatar ah in duqeynta goor dambe ay dib ugu noqoto beeraha PEI. Moodellada saadaalinta cimilada iyo dabinnada isboortiga ayaa aad waxtar u leh xilliyada, laakiin ma saadaalin karaan xaaladda ka hor xilli sii kordheysa, ayay tiri.
Khalil Al-Mughrabi, oo ku takhasusay cudurada wadnaha ee Xarunta Horumarinta Baradhada kana tirsan Waaxda Beeraha, Kaluumeysiga iyo Xannaanada Xoolaha ee New Brunswick, wuxuu ku raacsan yahay dareenkaas maadama duqayn dambe aan laga helin Maritimes saddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay Waxa uu xusay in iyada oo loo marayo barnaamij cilmi baaris qaran, ay shaqadu ku sii socoto soo saarista istiraatiijiyado cusub oo lagu maareeyo cudurada iyo sidoo kale in la qiimeeyo waxtarka ay leedahay wax soo saarka sunta fangaska ee ka diiwaan gashan noocyada ugu badan ee cudurka dabaysha dambe.
Al-Mughrabi wuxuu ku leeyahay New Brunswick, oo ah barnaamij saadaal ah oo soo daaha cudurka oo ku saleysan xaaladaha cimilada ee ku habboon horumarinta finanka soo daahay, iyo nidaam dabin oo loo yaqaan 'spore trapping system' oo daboolaya baradhada ku soo kordhaysa gobolka, si firfircoon ayaa loo hirgeliyaa si loo saadaaliyo cudurka goor dambe
Van Dyk wuxuu xusayaa Ontario inay isha ku hayso cilad-xumo cusub oo soo daaha, US-25, iyo sidoo kale u eg-u-ekaan-u-ekaan, Phytophthora nicotianae, taas oo ah nooc la xidhiidha P. infestans waxayna keentaa calaamadaha caleemaha oo la mid ah duqayn dambe. Labadaba waxaa laga helay albaabka xiga ee gobolka New York, sidaa darteed beeraleyda waxaa lagu boorinayaa inay soo diraan shaybaar kasta oo dhir ah oo muujineysa astaamaha cudurka goor dambe ee baaritaanka aqoonsiga culeyska.
PED
In kasta oo xaaladdii cudur ee dambe ay soo hagaagtay, haddana waxaa jira walaac isa soo taraya oo dalka oo dhan ka qaba cudur kale oo baradho ah oo curyaaminaya - baradho hore u dhimanaya (PED) kakooban.
"Hal cudur oo muuqda sanadihii la soo dhaafay waa PED," ayuu yiri MacKinnon. Sababtoo ah waxaan ku jirnay xagaaga diiran, xagaaga qalalan, waxaan aragnay caqabado badan oo leh baradho goor hore dhimanaya, tanina waxay saameyn ku yeelanaysaa waxsoosaarkii noocyada wax soo saarka… Soo saarayaasha halkan aad ayey uga walaacsan yihiin arrintaas. ”
Fumigation, oo disha verticillium iyo nematodes lesion lesion la xiriira PED, waa cabir caadi ah oo lagu xakameeyo cudurka, laakiin looma ogola in PEI MacKinnon uu leeyahay natiijada, Soosaarayaasha baradhada Island ayaa laga yaabaa inay eegaan inay ku darayaan dalag biofumigant ah meertadooda sanadka.
Mustard wuxuu ku sii kordhayaa caadi ahaan dhowr sababood awgood. Daraasaduhu waxay muujinayaan iniin khardal ah inay waxtar u leedahay ka hortagga verticillium ee ciidda, laakiin waxay kaloo leedahay faa iidooyin ay leedahay sidoo kale xakamaynta wireegayaasha, ayuu yidhi MacKinnon.
"Waxaa sidoo kale jira cilmi baaris badan oo lagu sameynayo saameynta haruurka-sudangrass, masago, luulyo iyo dalagyo kale oo wareega ah oo yareyn kara xaddiga verticillium iyo / ama root lesion nematode ee carrada."
Van Dyk wuxuu yiri inkasta oo PED aysan dhibaato weyn kuheynin Ontario maadaama ay tahay Maritimes-ka, waxaa hubaal ah inay raadaar ka tahay beeraleyda ku nool gobolkiisa kuwa beeraleyda ah ee dhibaatooyinka kala kulma, fugida iyo fiirinta talaabooyinka kale ee caafimaadka carrada.
Waxaan soo saarnay dalag aad u wanaagsan, marka hadii beeraleyda ay codsanayaan qof fumigal ah meelaha ay u maleeyeen inay ku badan yihiin verticillium iyo nematodes, waxay heleen fursad ay ku sameeyaan taas xilliga dayrta maxaa yeelay waxaa jirtay waqti la sameeyo, ”ayuu yiri. .
Bisht wuxuu qorayaa dhibic madow iyo verticillium, labadaba gudaha PED ee cudurada sababa dhimashada hore, waxay ku sii kordhayeen muhiimadda Manitoba sanadihii la soo dhaafay. In kasta oo cimiladu door weyn ka ciyaarayso dhacdooyinka labada cudurba, Bisht waxay rajeyneysaa in cadaadiska cudurku uu sare u sii kici doono xilligan soo socda meelaha leh taariikhda dhibic madow iyo verticillium wilt.
Yevtushenko wuxuu sheegay in walwalka laga qabo PED uu ku sii kordhayo Alberta sidoo kale cimilada isbedeleysa ay sare u qaadeyso halistaas.
"Aagga wax lagu beero wuu sii fidayaa, wareegga dalagguna wuu soo gaabi karaa, tanina aakhirka waxay u horseedi doontaa isku soo uruursiga sare ee verticillium ee ciidda, marka cadaadiska cudur-sidaha ee sarreeya waxaan rajeyneynaa in cudurkan uu u badan yahay inuu kor u kaco," ayuu yiri
Burburin Gobol
- Lug madow Manitoba - Sida laga soo xigtay Bisht, xaaladaha qabow, qabow ee xaaladaha guga ee la soo dhaafay waxay keeneen in yar oo cudur bakteeriya ah oo ku yaal beeraha baradhada ee Manitoba sanadkii la soo dhaafay taas oo aan kaliya saameyn ku yeelan waxsoosaarka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay sababtay dhibaato madow oo ku dhacday bakhaarrada qaarkood. Bisht wuxuu leeyahay taxaddar dheeri ah waa in lagu sameeyaa jarista abuurka taas oo ka dhalanaysa yareynta halista abuuritaanka abuurka madow ee cudurka qaba.
- Jilicsan jilicsan ee Ontaariyo - Van Dyk wuxuu leeyahay arrimaha abuurka ee la soo dhoofiyo oo ay keenaan jeermiska cudurada keena sida Dickeya dianthicola iyo Noocyada Pectobacterium waxay noqdeen walaac xoogan oo soosaarayaasha baradhada ee Ontaariyo. Wuxuu ku boorinayaa beeraleyda inay abuuraan abuur tayo sare leh, tijaabiyaan fara badan haddii ay awoodaan inay hubiyaan inay cudur ka jiran yihiin, darajo u leeyihiin abuurka laga shakisan yahay, ayna feejignaadaan astaamaha ugu horreeya ee jeermiska jilicsan ee bakteeriyada ku leh beeraha baradhada sida soo ifbaxa iyo dhirta iyadoo xoog leh.
- Duufaan Hore In Atlantic Canada - Al-Mughrabi wuxuu xusayaa in cudurkani uu caqabad ku ahaa beeraha baradhada ee gobolka Maritimes sanadkii la soo dhaafay roob la'aanta awgeed taas oo carrabka ku adkeysay dhirta isla markaana u hiilisay horumarinta cudurka hore. "Haddii cimiladu xilli ciyaareedka soo socda sii ahaato mid qallalan, isbeddel la mid ah ayaa laga fili karaa duufaan hore," ayuu yidhi.
- Isugeynta Guud gudaha PEI - MacKinnon wuxuu tilmaamayaa cimilada gobolka ee qalalan sanadihii la soo dhaafay inay la micno tahay qoyaan yar oo helitaanka digriiga maadaama ay bilaabayaan inay bilaabaan. Sababtaas awgeed, waxaad heli kartaa qolofta caadiga ah ee soo baxda, waana cudur aad u adag in la xakameeyo, ayay tiri.