"Qaar ka mid ah noocyada ayaa daboola dalagyada aan dooranno, faa'iidooyinkooda ayaa dhab ahaantii xakameynaya qaar ka mid ah cudurada faafa ee baradhadayada,"
Perry ayaa yidhi, isaga oo tilmaamaya baradho hore u dhinta ama Verticillium wilt, kuwaas oo awood u leh in ay galaan xididdada geedka iyada oo waxyeello ka soo gaadhay nematodes dhaawaca xididka. Labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, dhimashada baradhada hore ayaa ka yaraatay dhibaatada beerta.
Ma jiraan wax cusub oo ku saabsan beeraha dib-u-soo-nooleynta; dhab ahaantii, waa da'da sida beerashada lafteeda. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa lagu riixay iftiinka oo noqday hal-ku-dheg ay isticmaalaan shirkadaha cuntada kuwaas oo si cad u ballan-qaaday in ay qaataan dhaqamadooda. Mid ka mid ah tiirarka asaasiga ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dib-u-kicinta dib-u-kicinta waa isticmaalka dalagyada daboolka ah. Laakin qaar badan ayaa yiraahda dalagyada daboolan ayaa kaliya si dhab ah u shaqeeya nidaamyo aan tilleyn. Ka-saarista tacabka wax-soo-saarka baradhada waa iib adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka tagtay qaar badan oo soo saarayaasha baradhada inay la yaaban yihiin haddii dalagyada daboolku ay mudan yihiin buuqa.
Bishii Juun ee la soo dhaafay, shirkadda weyn ee soo saarta baradhada McCain Foods ayaa ku dhawaaqday bartilmaameedka horumarinta dhaqamada beeraha ee dib-u-cusboonaysiinta 100% ee hektarkeeda baradhada marka la gaaro 2030. Warbixinteeda joogtaynta caalamiga ah, shirkadda fadhigeedu yahay Kanada ayaa sheegtay inay jeclaan lahayd inay dhinto qaddarka kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee la xidhiidha beerashada baradhada, kaydinta iyo gaadiidka 25% marka la gaadho 2030-ka, waxaanay hagaajinaysaa waxtarka isticmaalka biyaha 15% marka la gaadho 2025 gobolada ay biyo-yaraantu hayso.
Shirkaddu waxay qorsheyneysaa inay diiradda saarto lix mabaadi'da muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan hirgelinta dalagyada daboolka ah, khalkhalka ciidda ugu yar, kor u qaadista kala duwanaanta dalagga, tayaynta isticmaalka biyaha iyo yaraynta saameynta beero-kiimikada, hubinta adkeysiga beeraha, iyo isdhexgalka xoolaha iyo walxaha organic. Bilaw wanaagsan ee beeralayda intooda badan waxay noqon doontaa mabda'a ugu horreeya ee muhiimka ah, hirgelinta dalagyada daboolka ah.
Webinar-kii dhawaa, Scott Gillespie, oo ah la-taliye madax-bannaan oo dib-u-soo-cusbooneysii dhinaca beeraha ah oo la-talinta Plants Dig Ciidda ee Kanada, ayaa sharraxay faa'iidooyinka ku darida dalagga daboolka nidaamka wax-soo-saarka baradhada.
"Nidaamyada intooda badan ayaa laga saaray baradhada ikhtiyaar ahaan sababtoo ah diiradda ayaa ah in la yareeyo ama la tirtiro beerashada," ayuu yidhi. "Way adagtahay in la isku dayo marka laguu sheego in beertu ay baabi'iso dhammaan shaqada aad isku dayayso inaad qabato."
Laakiin dalagyada la daboolo oo keliya ayaa weli ku kordhinaya faa'iidooyinka. Waxay hoos u dhigi karaan baahida loo qabo dhir-dhimista iyo sunta cayayaanka iyagoo hagaajinaya wax-soo-saarka iyagoo kor u qaadaya caafimaadka ciidda, ayuu yidhi. Waxay kaloo ka hortagi karaan nabaad-guurka ciidda waxayna ilaalin karaan qoyaanka ciidda. Muddada fog, waxay gacan ka geystaan dhisidda walxaha dabiiciga ah ee carrada iyo awoodda biyaha.
"Maaddada organic waxay u muuqan kartaa inay si dhakhso ah u dhiseyso ciidda, laakiin qaabka xasilloon ee ay qaadato sannado badan waxayna qaadataa wareegyo badan oo korriin iyo qudhun," ayuu yidhi. "Tani waxay, dhankeeda, ka caawin doontaa tirada guud ee biyaha iyo nafaqooyinka aad ku hayn karto ciiddaada." "Tani si toos ah kuuguma soo celinayso," ayuu ka digay. "Laakiin haddii aad dib u hesho faa'iidooyinka muddada-gaaban iyo kuwa dhexe, waxaad dhisi doontaa aasaaska muddada-dheer."
Si kor loogu qaado ciidda, Gillespie waxa ay soo jeedinaysaa in la beero dalagga digada cagaaran oo hadhow la jarjaro oo lagu shubo ciidda. Habkani suurtogal maaha dhammaan gobollada, gaar ahaan kuwa leh xilliyada koritaanka gaaban, inkastoo. Laakiin halka ay ku habboon yihiin, dalagyada digada cagaaran sida iniin khardal ah ayaa xakameyn kara cudurka, gaar ahaan kuwa ku jira dhismaha Early Die, ayuu yidhi.
"Waqooyi-galbeed ee Pacific-ga ee Maraykanka, (beeralayda) waxay samayn karaan shaqadan iyagoo samaynaya digada cagaaran ka dib goosashada sarreenka jiilaalka, laakiin waxay leeyihiin xilli sii kordhaya oo aad u dheer," ayuu yidhi. "Waxaa la caddeeyey inaad u baahan tahay bioomass weyn si aad tan u samayso." Si aad wax badan uga barato sida loogu daro khardal sida digada cagaaran, Gillespie waxay tilmaamaysaa shaqada Andy McGuire oo ka socda Jaamacadda Gobolka Washington. "Fikirkiisu wuxuu saameeyay sida aan ugu biiriyo dalagyada daboolka ah ee wax soo saarka baradhada," Gillespie ayaa tiri.
Ficil ahaan
Hadda ka hor, waxaa jira beeraley baradho ah oo ka dhigaya dalagga daboolka shaqada. Harold Perry waxa uu beeraa Russet Burbank oo baradhada ku jaraya 1,500 acres ee Alberta, Canada. Waxa uu sheegay in 10 sano ka hor uu bilaabay in uu beertiisa ka hirgeliyo dalagyo dalagyo ah, laakiin uu kaliya wax ka beddelay nidaamka shantii ugu dambaysay. Markii hore, ujeeddadu waxay ahayd in ciidda la daboolo, maadaama beertiisa ay ku taal gobol caan ku ah dabaysha. Waxa uu lahaa arrimo la xidhiidha awoodda-haysashada biyaha iyo sifaynta biyaha, iyo sidoo kale cayayaanka iyo cudurada. Ku darida kala duwanaanta dhirta waxay ku daraysaa kala duwanaanshaha bayoloji ciidda. ayuu yidhi, taas oo iyaduna ka dhigaysa mid caafimaad qabta oo adkaysi badan.
Dayrta, waxa uu beeraa badarka jiilaalka oo isku jira, oo ay ku jiraan sarreen jiilaalka, galley dayrta, digir jiilaalka Austria iyo dabocase saliideed. Mararka qaarkood wuxuu ku tuuraa qaar ka mid ah xabo, alfalfa, linen iyo buckwheat sidoo kale, iyadoo ku xiran dhererka xilliga koritaanka ee ka haray sababtoo ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ay dhisaan ku filan si ay u sameeyaan faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka ciidda. Noocyo badan oo kala duwan oo bilaabmaya Sebtembar… mar kasta oo xilligu yaraado, waa yaraanta kala duwanaanshiyaha isku darka. Waa in ay ku dhegganaadaan dalagyada u bixi doona si ay uga faa'iidaystaan bayoolajiga ciidda.
"Qaar ka mid ah noocyada aan doorano, faa'iidooyinkooda ayaa dhab ahaantii xakameynaya qaar ka mid ah cudur-sidaha baradhadayada," ayuu yiri Perry, isagoo tilmaamaya baradhada goor hore u dhintaan ama Verticillium wilt, kuwaas oo awood u leh inay soo galaan xididdada geedka iyada oo ay waxyeelo ka soo gaarto nematodes xididka. Labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, dhimashada baradhada hore ayaa ka yaraatay dhibaatada beerta.
Kaalay guga, Perry waxay isticmaashaa korantada korantada, kaas oo rototilla dalagga daboolka ah ee ciidda, oo ay ku xigto qaabeeyaha buurta. Nidaamku had iyo jeer ma fiicna, in kastoo. "Haddii aad leedahay qashin aad u badan ama korriin aad u badan, korontadu si fiican uma shaqeyso, kuwa wax beerana kuma beeran karaan," ayuu yidhi, isaga oo intaa ku daray in uu beero ku dhawaad 15-25 rodol oo dalagga jiilaalka halkii acre. , oo ay la socoto 30 rodol oo dalagga sannadlaha ah halkii acre.
Perry wuxuu ku darayaa kelmad taxadar leh kuwa raadinaya noocyo isku dhafan dabool dalagyada. "Waxaan dooran lahaa noocyada aan martigelin cudur la mid ah ama cayayaanka ay baradhadaadu qabato," ayuu yidhi.
Isaga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dalagyada daboolka ah ayaa ah mid aan caqli-gal ahayn. Waxay ciidda ka ilaaliyaan nabaad guurka muddada gaaban, iyo mustaqbalka fog, waxay gacan ka geysan doonaan dhisidda walxaha organic ciidda. "Inta aad taas dhisayso, markaas waxaad naftaada ka ilaalinaysaa abaaraha mustaqbalka iyo culayska dhirta - fatahaadaha, kulaylka, qabow," ayuu hadalkiisa ku soo xidhay.
Dooxada San Luis ee Colorado, beeraleyda baradhada Brendon Rockey waxay ku beeraan saxare buur sare leh oo arka in ka yar 6 inji oo roobab ah sanadkii. Ciiddiisu waa bacaad, laakiin waa waraabe. Abaartu waxay ahayd tii ka danbeysey qaadashada dalagyada dalagyada, kaas oo uu markii ugu horeysay isku dayey 15 sano ka hor.
"Waan xaalufinay aquifer-kii aan ka soo dhaansanaynay," ayuu yidhi, isaga oo intaa ku daray in laba sano oo wareeg ah, aysan haysan biyo ku filan oo ay ku beeran karaan dalagga lacagta caddaanka ah ee labaad. Halkii uu ka tegi lahaa dhulka goglan, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ku daro dalagyo daboolan si ay uga caawiyaan dhismaha ciidda sanadka ka baxsan. Koritaanka dalagyada daboolka leh ee leh 6 inji oo roobab sanadle ah dhib ma ahayn, ayuu yidhi.
"Waxaan aragnay ilaalinta biyaha oo aad u fiican isla markiiba fiidmeerta," ayuu yidhi. "Intaas ka dib, waxaan bilownay inaan barano dhammaan qiimaha kale ee iyaga la socday."
Maalmihii hore ee korsashada, Rockey wuxuu u jeestay masaggada sudangrass oo keliya, laakiin saddex sano ka dib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu beddelo isku dhafkaas. Maanta waxa uu isticmaalayaa 15-16 nooc oo isku dhafan iyo wehel beerista isku darka shan digir ah iyo buckwheat leh baradho, sidoo kale. Marka lagu daro digiraha, wuxuu awoodaa inuu hagaajiyo nitrogen oo uu ku daro nafaqooyinka ciidda, iyo sidoo kale kordhinta baaskiilka kaarboon isagoo keenaya kala duwanaansho nidaamka xididka. Buckwheat waxay caawisaa in ay kiciso fosfooraska ciidda waxayna quudisaa cayayaanka faa'iidada leh.
Rockey waxa uu sheegay in aanu wax dhibaato ah kala kulmin qalabka marka la beerayo saaxiibka. "Qalabka baradhada waxaa mar hore loogu talagalay in lagu xakameeyo canabka baradhada xilliga goosashada, markaa in la helo dhir badan oo halkaas ka jirta, waxa kaliya oo loo maareeyaa sida canabka baradhada oo kale," ayuu yidhi.
Markii la weydiiyay haddii uu u maleynayay in dalagyada dabooli ay ku habboon yihiin baradhada, Rockey wuxuu sheegay inuu u maleynayo inay lama huraan yihiin.
"Waxay noo ogolaatay inaan yareyno agabkayaga bacriminta, waxay noo ogolaatay inaan ka fogaano bacriminta synthetic, waxaana awoodnay inaan hoos u dhigno dhammaan kiimikooyinka sunta ah sababtoo ah keenista kala duwanaanta dhirta iyo wax ka qabashada arrimahayaga dhirta oo lid ku ah kiimikooyinka,” ayuu hadalkiisa kusoo xidhay.