Sida loo xakameeyo nematodes-ka ku jira baradhada iyadoo la adeegsanayo dabin

Beerista dabinnada baradhada ee loo yaqaan 'cyst nematode' (PCN) waxay si dabiici ah u yareyn kartaa tirada nematode ilaa 75%. Koox beeraley baradho ah ayaa tijaabiyay inay si guul leh uga hirgelin karaan Boqortooyada Midowday (UK).

Maadaama hababka kiimikada ee markii hore si wax ku ool ah u xakameyn jiray cayayaanka ay sii yaraanayaan - khasaarihii ugu dambeeyay ee ahaa nematicide Vydate - beeralaydu hadda waxay eegayaan farsamooyin kale oo lagu xakameeyo bayoolojiga. Abuuritaanka dalagyada dabinnada wax ku oolka ah ayaa fure u noqon kara hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaada tirada PCN iyo kharash dhan qiyaastii 45% ka yar isticmaalka nematicide oo ah £550/hektar, dhaqaalaha beeralayda baradhada ayaa isku daraya.

• Arag sidoo kale : 5 talo oo ku saabsan isticmaalka Nemathorin si loo xakameeyo nematodes-ka ku jira spuds

Waa maxay dalagyada dabinnada?

Dalagyada dabinka ah waxay higsanayaan inay yareeyaan tirada guud ee dadka nematode PCN iyagoo khiyaanaynaya nematodes-ka si ay u dillaacaan iyagoo sii daaya kiimikooyinka xididdada, ayuu sharraxayaa khabiir cilmi-baaris madax-bannaan oo ku takhasusay cilmiga beeraha Ivan Grove, oo ka shaqeeyay tijaabooyinka. "Tani waxay muujinaysaa joogitaanka marti-geliyaha, taasoo kicinaysa nematodes-ka inay ka soo baxaan fiixyadooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nematodes-ka dhallinyarada ah ma awoodaan inay abuuraan goobta quudinta ee lagama maarmaanka u ah inay koraan, taasoo ka hortagaysa inay tarmaan oo ay yarayso tirada," ayuu sii raaciyay Dr Grove.

Ka shaqaynta qayb ka mid ah shaybaar beeraleyda hal-abuurka leh iyadoo lala kaashanayo AHDB, independent agronomy firm Optigro, and Produce Solutions, growers from north Shropshire and Lancashire put the theory to the test back in 2020. They aimed to reduce PCN (without losing a cash crop from the rotation) through the establishment of two different trap crop species:

• Solanum sisymbrifolium (hadhka habeenkii oo dhegdheg leh - geed yar oo caleen leh, oo qodax ka buuxa)
• Solanum scabrum (hadhka habeenka Afrika - geed weyn oo caleemo ballaaran leh, oo leh xidido waaweyn, oo aad u cufan)

Dalagyada dabinka ah waxay si fiican ugu habboon yihiin wareegga marka la beero ka hor dalagga baradhada, waxaana si fudud looga saari karaa iyadoo la qodayo, ka hor inta aan la beerin baradhada. Solanum scabrum sidoo kale waxay u shaqeysaa sidii ilo digo cagaaran oo wanaagsan, taasoo gacan ka geysaneysa kor u qaadista heerarka walxaha dabiiciga ah.

Labada nooc ee cudurka scabbarum wuxuu u nugul yahay dhaxanta wuxuuna si fudud u dhintaa laga bilaabo Noofambar wixii ka dambeeya, halka sisymbrifolium uu u dulqaadan karo heerkulka hoose eber waxaana lagu dayn karaa dhulka ilaa Febraayo, haddii loo baahdo. Dr Grove wuxuu tuhunsan yahay in dalagyo lagu daayo dhulka muddo dheer ay kordhin doonto saameynta xakamaynta PCN, maadaama tan la rumeysan yahay inay horseeddo xaddi badan oo ah dheecaanka xididka ee ciidda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jirto caddayn cad oo arrintan ku saabsan ilaa hadda.

Haramaha iyo cudurada

Beerista dalagyada dabinka ah ka hor baradhada wax saameyn ah kuma lahan kororka cudurrada dalagyada soo socda sida cayayaanka, maadaama dalagyada dabinka ah ay ku dhawaad ​​​​u adkeysanayaan tan. Dhanka kale haramaha waxay noqon karaan kuwo dhibaato leh, sababtoo ah soo saarista dalagyada dabinka oo gaabis ah, gaar ahaan sisymbrifolium.

Tani waxay fursad u siinaysaa haramaha inay qabsadaan, iyadoo aan la helin daawooyin cayayaan dilaha ah, tani waxay noqon kartaa mid aad u adag. Beerista dalagyada safafka si loogu oggolaado isticmaalka weel isku xiran waxay noqon kartaa hal dariiqo oo lagu xallin karo arrintan, ayuu soo jeedinayaa.

Dhismaha

Maadaama noocyadani aysan u dhalan UK, beerista waxay noqon kartaa caqabad. Taariikhda ugu wanaagsan ee beerista waa bartamaha Maajo ilaa bartamaha Juun, laakiin tani waxay ka hor imaanaysaa xilliyada beerista dalagyada lacagta caddaanka ah, ayuu yiri Dr Grove. Mashiinnada beeraha ee caadiga ah ayaa loo isticmaalay beerista laba dalag oo lacag caddaan ah oo ku yaal dhul beereed dhererkoodu yahay 10m iyo ballaciisu yahay 4m. Beerista qoto dheer oo ah 1cm ama ka yar ayaa loo baahan yahay.

Heerka abuurka oo ah 20kg/hektar, oo ay ku jiraan buuxinta iniinyaha digir, si loo soo saaro iniinyaha Solanum ee aadka u fiican, ayaa la isticmaalay. Guud ahaan, waxaa lagu talinayaa in la isticmaalo nitrogen 75kg N/hektar ah oo ku jira sariirta abuurka. Taariikhda ugu dambeysay ee lagu beero dabinnada dabinnada ee xakamaynta PCN ee wax ku oolka ah ayaa la ogaaday inay tahay dhammaadka Juun ee waqooyiga Shropshire, iyadoo beerista dhammaadka Luulyo ay sababtay jiritaan xumo. Dalagyada dabinka ah ee lagu beeray Lancashire way ku guuldareysteen inay dhismaan, taasoo u badan tahay inay sabab u tahay roobab culus oo da'ay ka dib markii la beeray, taasoo yareysay heerkulka ciidda iyo biqilka.

• Baradhadu

Saamaynta dadka PCN nematode

Tijaabooyin dheeraad ah oo laga sameeyay waqooyiga Shropshire sanadkii 2021 ayaa lagu qiimeeyay saameynta dalagyada dabinka ah ay ku leeyihiin hoos u dhaca tirada PCN iyo saameynta N ee abuurka dhulka hoostiisa ah ee 50kg N/ha ama 100kg N/ha. Hoos u dhaca PCN wuxuu u dhexeeyay 37-40% sisymbrifolium iyo 48-56% scambrum.

"Dhimistani aad bay uga hoosaysay shaqooyinkii tijaabada ahaa ee hore ee Holland, maadaama aan caadiyan fileyn lahayn hoos u dhac 70-75%. "Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan ka shaqaynaynay tirada ukunta oo aad u sarreysa, iyadoo carradu ay ka kooban tahay ilaa 248 ukun garaamkiiba - iyo in ka yar tirada dhirta ugu habboon, sidaa darteed dalagyada dabinnada ayaa wali saameyn weyn ku lahaa," ayuu yidhi. Marka la barbar dhigo dhulalka aan la beerin, tirada PCN ayaa celcelis ahaan hoos u dhacday 26%, laakiin tani waxay u dhaxaysay eber ilaa 30%. Tani waa sababta oo ah tirada nematode si dabiici ah ayay hoos ugu dhacdaa maqnaanshaha martigeliyaha.

Tijaabada Nitrogen-ka

Maadaama dalagyada dabinnada ay badanaa gaabis yihiin in la dhiso, saameynta nitrogen-ka abuurka ku leh abuuritaanka dalagyada dabinnada iyo koritaanka ayaa la qiimeeyay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen daboolidda dhulka dabinnada iyo aasaaska oo ka sarreeya heerka sare, iyadoo qolofku uu ka jawaab celin badan yahay nafaqada. Dr Grove wuxuu tuhunsan yahay in tani ay tahay sababtoo ah qolofku waa nooc ka caleemo badan sisymbrifolium sidaas darteedna si fiican ayuu uga jawaabaa nitrogen.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jirin farqi tirakoob ah oo u dhexeeya natiijooyinka PCN, sidaa darteed waxaa loo baahan yahay tijaabooyin dheeraad ah. "Tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee dalagyada dabinnada lagu tijaabiyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo bacriminta abuurka, sidaa darteed weli waa maalmo hore in lagu taliyo beeralayda inay isticmaalaan qiyaasta dheeraadka ah, iyadoo la adeegsanayo xog hal sano ah, gaar ahaan qiimaha bacriminta oo sarreeya," ayuu yidhi.

Qaab-dhismeedka xididka

Marka la eego xididdada, cabbiraadda bayoomajiga 122 maalmood ka dib beerista waxay muujisay in qolofku uu leeyahay koror aad u weyn oo xididdada fiican ah, oo leh miisaan cusub oo weyn. "Tani waxay kaa caawin kartaa sharraxaadda saameynta weyn ee ay ku leedahay tirada PCN iyo jawaabta nitrogen. Tiro badan oo xididdada khafiifka ah waxay u badan tahay inay sii daayaan dheecaanno badan oo xididdo ah waana inay sii yareeyaan tirada PCN."

Talaabooyinka xiga

Dr Grove wuxuu rajeynayaa in dalagyada dabinnada lagu dari doono qorshaha Maareynta Dhulka Deegaanka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa beeraleyda inay ka faa'iidaystaan ​​hababka xakamaynta bayoolojiga. Shaqo tijaabo ah oo dheeraad ah ayaa la filayaa inay dhacdo haddii codsiga maalgelinta Innovate UK uu guuleysto, kaas oo rajeynaya inuu hagaajiyo aasaaska iyo maaraynta nafaqada. "Haddii beeraleydu ay rabaan inay ka helaan awoodda buuxda dalagyada dabinnada, markaa waxaan u baahanahay heerka xiga ee faahfaahinta si aan u gaarno tan. Waxaa sidoo kale jira suurtagal ah in la sameeyo barnaamijyo taran si loo horumariyo noocyo badan oo dabinno ah oo gaar u ah goobaha," ayuu ku soo gabagabeeyay.

Wax walba oo ku saabsan nematodes-ka baradhada

The potato cyst nematode (PCN) is a challenging pest for potato growers to control, infecting almost half of the UK’s potato land, with estimated annual yield losses costing the sector as much as £26m. The pests remain in cysts in soils for more than 20 years. Potato planting stimulates the nematodes to hatch from the cysts, which can contain between 200 and 500 juveniles each. There are two main species of PCN, Globodera rostochiensis iyo Globodera pallida.

The first is less problematic as many UK potato varieties have significant resistance, while pallida is the main cause of concern due to limited varietal resistance causing widespread issues. For example, Maris Piper, one of the UK’s most widely used potato varieties, is fully resistant to rostochiensis, but is completely susceptible to pallida. Thanks to Harper Adams University’s nematology lab, the PCN population in this trial was identified as Globodera pallida as the sole species, demonstrating the effectiveness of the trap crop against them.

Waa maxay Beeralayda Hal-abuurka leh?

Beeralayda Hal-abuurka leh waa shabakad xubinimo oo aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo la bilaabay 2015, oo loogu talagalay beeralayda iyo beeralayda doonaya inay ku shaqeeyaan tijaabooyinka beeraha. Iyada oo loo marayo shabakadda, kooxo beeralay ah ayaa si toos ah ula shaqayn kara cilmi-baare si ay u qaabeeyaan tijaabooyin wax ku ool ah oo beeraha ah, oo loogu yeero Shaybaarrada GoobtaBeeralayda Hal-abuurka leh waa qayb ka mid ah Barnaamijka Beeraha Mustaqbalka Duchy, oo ay maalgeliso Hay'adda Samafalka ee Amiirka Wales. Shabakadda waxaa taageeraya koox ka socota Hal-abuurka Beeraha, Isku xirka Deegaanka iyo Beeraha (Caleemaha), Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Dabiiciga ah iyo Ururka Ciidda.

/teknoolajiyadda beeraha